The Essex turnpike trusts

Abstract

This thesis is an enquiry into the turnpike Trusts which operated wholly or in part in Essex. The first Chapter analyses the creation of the early Trusts in the context of previous Parliamentary resistance to the turnpike principle, discussing the choice of roads selected for repair by toll money against the state of Essex roads in general. It traces the progress of the Trusts under the management of local justices and the practical and political issues which this raised. Chapter Two is about the economic background in Essex to the turnpike movement, comparing the growth of the turnpike system with contemporary moves to improve waterways; it discusses the industrial and commercial characteristics of Essex, particularly the contrast between the east and west sides of the county and their respective routes for the carriage of goods. The metropolitan Trusts, which differed fundamentally from their rural counterparts in constitution and outlook, are the subject of Chapter Three. They are seen as a medium for 'improvement' and investment. Chapter Four describes the administration of the more rural Essex Trusts, particularly the work of the trustees, the calibre of their officers, the problems of toll farming and policies for attracting investment. The role of J. L. McAdam is seen as significant in giving many Trusts a new spirit and sense of purpose. The last Chapter traces the decline of the Trusts in the wake of railway competition and the complexities of Victorian legislation in local government. The thesis ends with a summary of conclusions, assessing the importance of the Essex Trusts in economic and constitutional terms and the contribution which the Essex experience has to offer to the study of turnpike history elsewhere.