Science and models of divine action

Abstract

Some possible conceptualizations of divine action within the world are considered in the light of modern scientific insights. A selection of types of approach is investigated, including: (i) that which makes use of a strong theological determinism; (ii) that which formulates non- deterministic models of God's action to be in principle careless of the particular findings of modern science; (iii) that which sees science itself as the key to understanding how God might act; (iv) that of process theology which views God as immanently present within the physical processes themselves. In the evaluation of these models, a critical realism is adopted with regard to scientific findings. It is concluded that the type of approach (ii) independent of science is not likely to succeed. Also, models of type (iii) are unsatisfactory. Types (i) and (iv), theological determinism and process theology, in their different ways offer more promise, although each has its own characteristic problems and limitations. However, it is admitted that any finite theological system is likely to encounter problematic areas; it therefore remains possible that the most adequate such system overall might choose its difficulties to be in relation to science.