Degrees of Metastability in Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking

Abstract

This thesis consists of an investigation into supersymmetry and its breaking. Emphasis is placed on the question of metastability and the role of non-topological solitons in the hidden sector.

A desirable feature in models employing direct gauge mediation is that of tree level metastability, in order to generate large enough gaugino masses. An explicit realisation of this idea is constructed via a simple deformation of SQCD that is well motivated and needs no fine tuning. Any viable metastable supersymmetry breaking vacuum must also be stable enough to survive until the present day. Non-topological solitons, or Q-balls, are supported in all such vacua where there is a conserved, global U(1) symmetry and no massless, charged scalars. It is shown that for a broad class of models Q-balls are extremely influential on the vacuum lifetime and make seemingly viable vacua catastrophically short lived. Even when there is no effect on vacuum stability flat directions charged under an R-symmetry are a ubiquitous feature of O’Raifeartaigh models. Non-topological solitons associated with this symmetry, R-balls, are likely to form through the fragmentation of a condensate. Their cosmology is studied and it is found that they can have significant observable effects, from acting as a good dark matter candidate to providing the primary source of reheating in the early universe.